As winter approaches, one condition that demands particular attention is myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. The sudden drop in temperature increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Blood pressure rises as temperatures fall, significantly damaging the cardiovascular system.
Medical experts explained that myocardial infarction occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen and blood to the heart, become blocked. This is similar to a car’s engine stalling due to a clogged fuel line.
When the blood supply is cut off or insufficient, heart muscle necrosis occurs, accompanied by crushing chest pain. Without immediate and proper treatment, it can lead to severe complications or death.
Statistics from the KDCA (Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency) show that the number of heart attack cases increased from 22,398 in 2011 to 34,162 in 2021, a 54.5% rise over a decade. For men, the number nearly doubled, from 15,281 to 25,441. Women saw a more modest increase, from 7,117 to 9,171 cases.
Among those who died within a year of having a heart attack, 26.7% were 65 or older. The higher fatality rate among men in middle age (50s–60s) and women in older age groups (70s–80s) is attributed to differences in patient distribution.
For every 1°C (1.8°F) drop in temperature, systolic blood pressure rises by about 1.3 mmHg and diastolic by 0.6 mmHg. Cold weather causes blood vessels to constrict, raising blood pressure. Serious health issues can arise if this leads to blocked or narrowed vessels.
While both heart attacks and angina stem from atherosclerosis, they differ in nature. Angina occurs when coronary arteries narrow, reducing blood flow. This causes pain during exercise or stress when the heart doesn’t receive enough blood.
On the other hand, a heart attack involves a complete blockage of the blood vessel, stopping blood flow entirely and damaging the heart muscle. Even those without prior angina symptoms can suffer a heart attack, making it particularly dangerous.
The primary symptom of a heart attack is chest pain (angina) that feels like squeezing or crushing. If this pain persists for over 10 minutes or is accompanied by shortness of breath, cold sweats, or nausea, immediate medical attention is necessary.
Dr. Cho Sung Wook, head of the Cardiovascular Center at Bundang Jesaeng Hospital, explained, “When arterial narrowing isn’t severe enough to impair circulation, there are no symptoms. However, if a clot forms or a vessel constricts and blocks blood flow, it can lead to circulation issues and severe chest pain.”
He added, “On a pain scale where 0 is no pain, and 100 is unbearable if the intensity exceeds 70 or lasts over 30 minutes, it’s advisable to go to the ER immediately.”
For those with underlying conditions, symptoms like headaches or indigestion could signal an impending heart attack. When these symptoms occur, it’s vital to call 911 without delay. Any hesitation can worsen heart muscle damage and hinder recovery.
Catholic University Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital professor Kim Chan Jun emphasized, “Prevention involves managing atherosclerosis risk factors. This includes controlling hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol and adopting healthy habits like quitting smoking, limiting alcohol, following a low-sodium diet, and exercising regularly.”
It is key to reduce factors that block blood vessels in daily life. Sudden temperature changes during winter can affect vascular health, so it’s important to dress warmly and avoid drastic indoor-outdoor temperature differences.
Kim further stressed, “If you suspect a heart attack, even with mild symptoms, call 911 immediately and go to the nearest hospital. Once heart muscle is damaged, recovery becomes difficult, so timely and appropriate treatment is directly linked to survival.”