Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a condition where multiple follicles grow during the menstrual cycle but fail to mature, resulting in a lack of ovulation. This disorder affects approximately 6-15% of women of reproductive age.
Symptoms include irregular periods, ovulation disorders, and infertility. Long-term complications can lead to metabolic syndrome, accompanied by insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. If left untreated, PCOS may progress to endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
PCOS: Affecting 6-15% of Reproductive-Age Women, Causing Ovulation Disorders and Metabolic Abnormalities
Medical experts reported that while the exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, it’s believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Women with a family history of the condition are at higher risk, and lifestyle factors such as diet, lack of exercise, and weight gain can contribute. Current research points to hormonal imbalances, insulin resistance, and excess androgen production as primary culprits.
Symptoms vary among individuals but typically include ovulation disorders, signs of excess androgen production, and metabolic abnormalities. Seven out of ten patients with ovulation disorders experience chronic anovulation (amenorrhea). Amenorrhea is defined as having fewer than eight menstrual cycles per year or cycles longer than 35 days. Some women may experience uterine bleeding, and those trying to conceive often struggle with infertility.
Excess androgen production can lead to acne or hirsutism, while middle-aged women may experience hair loss. Hirsutism is the most common symptom, though it occurs less frequently in Asian populations.
Metabolic abnormalities associated with PCOS include obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. While obesity isn’t part of the diagnostic criteria for PCOS, studies show that about 50-70% of patients are classified as obese.
Diagnosis involves a physical examination measuring weight, height, and waist circumference, assessing menstrual irregularities, checking androgen levels, and conducting ultrasound examinations. An ultrasound showing 12 or more small follicles measuring 2-9 mm (approximately 0.08-0.35 inches) or an ovarian volume exceeding 10 cm³ (approximately 0.61 in³) meets the diagnostic criteria.
For adolescents, diagnostic criteria differ due to naturally irregular menstrual cycles in the years following menarche. Teens are diagnosed with PCOS when blood tests reveal excess androgens along with polycystic ovaries and increased ovarian volume.
Small Changes, Big Impact: Losing 5% of Body Weight Can Make a Difference
While PCOS isn’t curable, symptoms can be managed through lifestyle improvements and appropriate medical interventions.
Patients with PCOS who also have metabolic abnormalities like diabetes or dyslipidemia may require medication. Metformin is particularly beneficial for those with metabolic issues, helping to address insulin resistance, anovulation, and symptoms of excess androgen production.
For women with ovulation disorders, irregular cycles can lead to infertility. However, treatments such as clomifene, letrozole, or appropriate ovulation induction injections can help achieve pregnancy.
Health experts and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) emphasize the importance of lifestyle changes for weight loss. Even a modest 5-10% reduction in body weight can significantly improve ovulation and metabolic function. Regular exercise and a balanced diet are crucial for managing menstrual irregularities.
As PCOS is a chronic condition, regular check-ups are essential to monitor progress and ensure appropriate ongoing treatment.