During cold winter weather, blood vessels constrict and muscles tighten, increasing the risk of various health conditions, including hemorrhoids, which can worsen in the colder months. Many people feel too embarrassed to discuss their symptoms or seek medical help, leading to unnecessary discomfort and complications.
Fortunately, early-stage hemorrhoids can often be managed with lifestyle adjustments, such as avoiding prolonged sitting on the toilet and taking warm baths. Adopting healthy habits is key to preventing anal disorders.
Surgical specialists identified three main types of anal disorders: hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and anal fistulas. Hemorrhoids involve swelling and protrusion of anal tissue. Anal fissures occur when the anal lining tears and anal fistulas develop when an infected abscess near the anus ruptures.
The anal region contains three major clusters of blood vessels along with several smaller ones. Hemorrhoids occur when these blood vessels swell and extend outside the anus, often due to prolonged sitting in cold conditions or excessive straining during bowel movements.
Hemorrhoids can cause significant pain, with symptoms including bright red bleeding, anal lumps, and discomfort. They are classified as internal (inside the anal canal) or external (outside the anal canal) based on their location.
Dr. Kwon Yoon Hye, a colorectal surgeon at Uijeongbu Eulji University Medical Center, stated that 20% of hemorrhoid patients have internal hemorrhoids, 10% have external hemorrhoids, and 70% have a combination. She explained that winter is particularly challenging for these individuals because lower temperatures cause capillaries to constrict, reducing blood circulation.
Dr. Kwon noted that hemorrhoids are classified into four stages based on severity. Stages 1 and 2 can often be managed with warm baths or medication. However, surgery may be necessary for stage 3 or higher, where the hemorrhoid tissue protrudes and requires manual repositioning.
Standard surgical procedures include techniques to secure hemorrhoid tissue or a hemorrhoidectomy, which removes and sutures swollen blood vessels.
Anal fissures result from hard stools or severe diarrhea, causing tears in the anal lining. They are characterized by sharp pain during bowel movements and may cause visible bleeding on toilet paper or in stool. Women are more prone to this condition than men.
Acute anal fissures often improve with lifestyle changes, such as reducing time spent on the toilet and taking warm baths. However, chronic fissures can progress to anal ulcers and, if left untreated, may lead to complications such as perianal abscesses or fistulas.
Anal fistulas form abnormal passages around the anus, causing pain, swelling, and discharge, including pus and blood. They often result from conditions such as hemorrhoids, chronic diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and perianal abscesses.
Even individuals who do not typically experience fistula symptoms may develop inflammation and pain after overexertion, excessive alcohol consumption, or severe diarrhea, leading to abscess formation. If left untreated, complex channels can form around the anus, making treatment more difficult. In rare cases, fistulas can progress to cancer, highlighting the importance of early intervention.
Dr. Kwon emphasized that while many patients recognize their symptoms due to daily bowel movements, they often hesitate to seek treatment due to the sensitive nature of the condition. She stressed the importance of overcoming this reluctance and seeking professional medical care.
Dr. Ahn Byeong Kyu from Hanyang University Seoul Hospital clarified that hemorrhoids do not develop into colorectal cancer, as their underlying mechanisms and pathologies differ. However, he stressed that an accurate diagnosis is essential. He advised anyone experiencing symptoms such as bloody stools or anal pain to consult a specialist and consider a colonoscopy.
Dr. Ahn cited a recent Korean Society of Coloproctology survey that revealed that half of respondents use their smartphones while on the toilet. While not inherently harmful, this habit can prolong bathroom visits, potentially contributing to hemorrhoid development or worsening existing symptoms. He emphasized the need for improving lifestyle, diet, and bowel habits.
Dr. Ahn recommended avoiding squatting or sitting cross-legged on the floor to prevent hemorrhoids. Those with hemorrhoids should refrain from sudden heavy lifting or strenuous hiking. He also advised moderating alcohol intake, as excessive consumption can aggravate anal disorders, and encouraged a diet rich in fiber.
